https://fibery.io/blog/hypertext-tools-from-the-80s/

An Interesting Follow up from to the Sunday VCF East 2021 'Ted' Talk.

The author of the linked document, actually wrote it in April 2021, it's not strictly a follow up. The author makes a claim, that Xanadu was too ambitious, too hard, took the wrong ideas in the wrong direction. It picks a known winner, and sets that as the target. Unfortunately, that's a typical mistake to make in retrospective history. That's blaming the past, for not being the future yet. Then asking "why didn't those losers look forward and be like what won?" Hindsight is easy. Maybe - because the resources available in the future, *weren't available in the past*? Maybe - the vision that won, simply matched what was possible and available at the time? I could spell out, what was available in 1991 (the Netscape/WWW/HTML era). And what was / was not available in the 1980's when Project Xanadu was working in Ann Arbor MI. But it's just too long to detail. I'll just have to say - Xanadu in the 80's didn't have the PC hardware or software or graphics of 1991 PC's. (Even Windows became productive by 1991.) Or high speed dialup modems. Or a just-released private access to "DARPAnet". Or millions of PC users who already were doing desktop publishing, graphic documents, business data processing and content (spreadsheets). Or who were calling up BBS's at night to exchange PC programs, or calling COmpuserve to post in discussion groups. Universities, their content, their servers and networking, that was also a resource for early Internet-ing. So: Netscape glued that all together, into a browser on a PC under Windows, onto a network, with graphics. The networking, connected all that content (initially from university computers), by fast dialup, under graphical-mouse control. Netscape needed ALL of that, to work on 1991 technology. And: most of that was "free" (or already paid for, or newly available like that Arpanet, or part of your monthly phone bill). That's how a "killer app" works. It glues things together, to make a new service or product, that sells like crazy. But it can't happen, until it's about to happen, until everything else is ready. As for Xanadu? almost NONE of that technology I just described - hardware or software or networking or graphics or storage or memory - was commonly available in the 1980's. What was available, was expensive. Most people reading this list, can look at their own shelves, or memories, for what was available then. So: The world wasn't ready, and then it was ready. --------------------------------- As for the argument that "Xanadu was too ambitious". The interesting thing I got from Ted Nelson's VCFed talk, was that Netscape and its kin, some "wysiwyg" systems prior to it, actually watered down what a "hypertext" version of *traditional* paper publishing could have been. They reduced it to something that looked simple: a single column of text, a static page. ".. what you get *when you print a page on paper*", Ted pointed out. Ted envisioned interactive screens, on his first view of a *terminal in the 1960's*. It wasn't what he wanted; it was his vision of what could be. So the counter argument to "Xanadu was too ambitious" is, "Netscape wasn't ambitious enough; but it was implementable on the available technology". The bad news, says Ted Nelson, is that the 1991 implementation became the standard; and now we are stuck with it, and it's become normalized. It's an interesting observation. It suggests to me: What can we learn from computing *before* Netscape? Or even about information, before computers? The past, as a learning opportunity today. Regards, Herb Johnson -- Herbert R. Johnson, New Jersey in the USA http://www.retrotechnology.com OR .net preserve, recover, restore 1970's computing email: hjohnson AT retrotechnology DOT com or try later herbjohnson AT comcast DOT net